Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus, Boddaert, 1785)

Table of Contents

Do You Know?
Know Thy Squirrel!
Be a Singapore Squirrel Expert!
Biology of Plantain Squirrels
Diet
Communication
Reproduction
Ecosystem Roles
Distribution
Conservation
Taxonomy
Squirrel Links
References
Squirrel Licks Fruit.jpg

Do You Know?




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Know Thy Squirrel!

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Plantain squirrel characteristics. Photo by Ron Yeo.

Plantain squirrels are small, furry animals often found in parks and forest reserves in Singapore [1].

They have tails as long as their bodies as well as distinctive black and white stripes on their sides.

Furthermore, one can see their brightly coloured orange belly, in contrast with the duller colours of their back.

Be a Singapore Squirrel Expert!

Here are some squirrels found in Singapore's nature reserves and parks, learn to tell them apart!
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Photo by Phil Armitage.

Expert Plantain Squirrel.png
Photo by Ron Yeo.

Expert Finlayson's Squirrel.png
Photo by Teo Siyang.

Expert Slender Squirrel.png
Photo by Nick Baker.

Expert Shrew-faced Ground Squirrel.png
Photo by Nick Baker.

Common Name
Plantain squirrel
Finlayson's squirrel
Slender squirrel
Shrew-faced ground squirrel
Distinctive
Characteristics
Orange belly
Sides with black and white
stripes
Diverse patterns:
All or partly
white, red or black
Slender tail
Plain coloured
Long-nosed
Short, bushy tail
Size
Medium, ~ 20cm
Medium, ~ 20cm
Small, ~ 15 cm
Medium, ~ 20cm
Native to Singapore?
Native
Introduced
Native
Native
Scientific Name
Callosciurus
notatus
Callosciurus
finlaysonii
Sundasciurus
tenuis
Rhinosciurus
laticaudatus
(Table References: [1][3][4])

Cream-coloured giant squirrels used to be found in Singapore too, but they have not been spotted since 1987 and are potentially extinct locally [1].



Biology of Plantain Squirrels

Diet

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Plantain squirrels love durians too! Photo by Johnny Wee.


Plantain squirrel chewing on a variety of fruits.

Plantain squirrels eat:

Communication


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Tail flicking by plantain squirrel. Photo by Johnny Wee.


Plantain squirrels adapting well in Singapore (Clementi Woods Park). Tail flicks can be seen from 2:20s onwards.

Plantain squirrels communicate by:

Situation
Vocalization
Reaction of Other Squirrels
Significance
After mating
Barks produced by male
Female and other males stop moving
Improves fertilization
Ground carnivore sighted
Repetitious, staccato barks
Other squirrels run up nearby tree
Escape to trees to avoid ground predators
Aerial raptor (bird) spotted
Single bark
Other squirrels stop moving
Avoid detection by reducing movements
Snake encountered
Rattles and squeaks
Converge on and mob snake
Deter snake, protecting vulnerable young squirrels
(Table References: [2][6])

Catch a video of African Ground Squirrels mobbing a Cape Cobra on YouTube! (0:41s onwards).

Reproduction


Ecosystem Roles

Plantain squirrels are:

Distribution

Plantain squirrels are found in:

Squirrel Distribution.png
Plantain squirrel distribution. Yellow: Native, Purple: Introduced. Adapted from IUCN Red List [9].

Conservation

Befitting their widespread presence and abundance, plantain squirrels are listed as:


Taxonomy

Squirrels belong to the taxonomic group Sciuridae and evolved around 30 to 40 million years ago [3]. They are one of the largest group in mammals, with over 270 species across 50 genera [10]. The plantain squirrel belong to the group Callosciurus with 14 species in total [3]. It is the only native member of Callosciurus in Singapore, the other species, Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) is an introduced species [3].

Taxonavigation
Common Name
Group
Animals
Animalia
Chordates
Chordata
Mammals
Mammalia
Rodents
Rodentia
Squirrels
Sciuridae
Southern Asian tree squirrels
Callosciurinae
Beautiful squirrels
Callosciurus
Plantain squirrels
Callosciurus notatus

Phylogeny
Phylogenetic studies of plantain squirrels remain unexplored, although other species in the genus have been studied.
Below are taxonomic studies of increasing exclusivity down to the group Callosciurus:
Squirrel Taxonomy 1.png
Simplified Phylogeny of Squirrels (Sciuridae) [3].


Phylogeny of group Callosciurini, extracted from study by Steppan et al.[11]. The study was conducted using nuclear DNA (c-myc and RAG1, ~4500 bp) and lineage tree was constructed using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian analyses.
Squirrel Taxonomy 2.png
Phylogeny of group Callosciurini, involving C. erythraeus & C. prevostii [11].


Oshida et al. conducted a phylogenetic study of five Callosciurus species using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1080 bp) [12]. Tree construction was conducted using parsimony, neighbour-joining and likelihood analyses. This study provided greater support for the hypothesis that Callosciurus species are separated into mainland and Sundaland units.
Squirrel Taxonomy 3.png
Phylogeny of Five Callosciurus species [12].


Type Information [13]
Type specimens are crucial for species description and subsequent identification. This is especially true for a species such as the plantain squirrel, which was described more than two centuries ago!
Location of Specimen
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Catalogue Number
450142
Specimen Type Status
Holotype
Type Locality
Philippines


Squirrel Links

Animal Diversity Web
Ecology Asia
Wild Singapore


Thank you for your visit and interest in knowing more about plantain squirrels.

Feel free to contact Yong Liang at the following email should you have any feedback:
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References

[1] Tan, H.T.W., Chou, L.M., Yeo, D.C.J. and Ng, P.K.L. (2010). The National Heritage of Singapore (3rd edition), Prentice Hall, Singapore.
[2] Tamura, N. and Yong, H.S. (1993). Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae), Journal of Mammalogy, Vol 74, 703-714.
[3] Thorington, R.W., Koprowski, J.L., Steele, M.A. and Whatton, J.F. (2012). Squirrels of the World, Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, United States of America.
[4] Mammal Species, National Parks Board. URL: www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=130&Itemid=128. Accessed 23 November 2012.
[5] Hafidzi, M.N. (1998). Plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus in a plantation habitat, Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Vol 21, 23-28.
[6] Tamura, N. (1993). Role of sound communication in mating of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae), Journal of Mammalogy, Vol 74, 468-476.
[7] Becker, P. (1985). Why tropical squirrels carry seeds out of source crowns, Journal of tropical Ecology, Vol 1, 183-186.
[8] Encyclopedia of Life, Plantain Squirrel - Callosciurus notatus. URL: eol.org/pages/313042/overview. Accessed 15 November 2012.
[9] IUCN Red List, Callosciurus notatus (Plantain Squirrel). URL: www.iucnredlist.org/details/3600/0. Accessed 15 November 2012.
[10] Hoffmann, R.S., Anderson, C.G., Thorington, R.W.J., Heaney, L.R. (1993). Family Sciuridae. In: Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 419–465.
[11] Steppan, S.J., Storz, B.L. and Hoffmann, R.S. (2004). Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol 30, 703-719.
[12] Oshida, T., Yasuda, M., Endo, H., Hussein, N.A. and Masuda, R. (2001). Molecular phylogeny of five squirrel species of the genus Callosciurus (Mammalia, Rodentia) inferred from cytochrome b gene sequences, Mammalia, Vol 65, 473-482.
[13] GBIF Portal, Callosciurus notatus. URL: data.gbif.org/occurrences/442360784. Accessed 22 November 2012.